Previous research found an apparent association between smartphone use and academic achievement partly explained by the nature of the task the student is engaged in when using a smartphone. Smartphone addiction inventory spai computers in human. Functional impairment, withdrawal, compulsive behaviour and tolerance. The smartphone addiction inventory spai is a valid and reliable mean to identify and measure smartphone addiction and so, the aim of this research is the translation and adaptation of spai to spanish, as well as the analysis of its psychometric properties in a spanish adult population of 2,958 adults, at the university of valencia. Sf and established cutoff point for screening smartphone addiction based on diagnostic criteria established by psychiatric interview. Short version of the smartphone addiction scale adapted to. Development and validation of the smartphone addiction.
Development of shorta form and screening cutoff point of the. Frontiers psychometric properties and factor structures of. The smartphone addiction inventory spai the spai is a 26item instrument measuring smartphone addiction. Exploring the impact of smartphone addiction in prospective. Oct 17, 2018 the spai is a selfadministered inventory created by lin et al. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition. A confirmatory factor analysis cfa was employed to validate the inventory. The smartphone addiction inventory spai is a valid and reliable mean to identify and measure smartphone addiction and so, the aim of this research is the. The aim of the study was to i examine the scales psychometric properties in both languages, ii estimate the prevalence of potential excessive smartphone use among spanish and belgian adults, and iii compare the addictive symptomatology measured. Problematic smartphone use also known as smartphone overuse, smartphone addiction, mobile phone overuse, or cell phone dependency, is proposed by some researchers to be a form of psychological or behavioral dependence on cell phones, closely related to other forms of digital media overuse such as social media addiction or internet addiction disorder. The conceptual model on smart phone addiction among early. The smartphone addiction inventory spai was used to investigate the degree of smartphone addiction 8.
Participants smartphone usage was assessed using the smartphone addiction inventory spai. To translate, adapt and validate the smartphone addiction inventory spai in a brazilian population of young adults. Objectives the study aims to assess prevalence of smartphone addiction symptoms, and to ascertain whether depression or anxiety, independently, contributes to smartphone addiction level among a sample of lebanese university students, while adjusting simultaneously for important sociodemographic, academic, lifestyle, personality trait, and smartphonerelated variables. In this paper, participants scoring 6971 were classified as low addiction, while participants scoring 7586 were. The smartphone addiction inventory spai is a valid and reliable mean to identify and measure smartphone addiction and so, the aim of this research is the translation and adaptation of spai to. Each item uses a fourpoint likert scale from 1 strongly disagree to 4 strongly agree. Is smartphone addiction associated with a younger age at. It includes 26 items scored using a 4point likert scale, where 1 represents strongly disagree, 2 represents slightly disagree, 3 represents somewhat agree, and 4 represents strongly agree. Coping strategies in individuals at risk and not at risk of. Smartphone addiction among university undergraduates. Internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis of. Jun 26, 2018 this study aimed at contributing to the literature by adaptation and validation of the turkish version of the smartphone addiction inventory spai.
The psychometric properties of the inventory were evaluated through the data obtained from 330 undergraduate students. It has been alleged that social pathologies are beginning to surface in cyberspace i. Ijerph free fulltext does smartphone addiction fall. Divya rani singh abstract mobile phone usage is so strongly integrated into young peoples behavior that symptoms of behavioral addiction, such as cell phone usage interrupting their day today activities. Smartphone addiction considered as the behavioral addiction shows the sustained engagement in a behavior despite its negative effects, decreased control over participation in the behavior, compulsive. Is smartphone addiction associated w ith a younger age at.
Hsuan lin international journal of methods in psychiatric research 26 2, e1525, 2017. Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis computers in human behavior, vol. A random sample of 688 undergraduate students selected from notre dame university, lebanon filled out survey forms that included a questions on sociodemographics, academics, smartphone use, personality type, depression, anxiety, and lifestyle habits. Iranian journal of psychiatry and behavioral sciences. Thus, a total of 1519 participants were used for data analyses in the present study. Due to the high accessibility and mobility of smartphones, widespread and pervasive smartphone use has become the social norm, exposing users to various health and other risk factors. This study examined the reliability and verified the construct validity of the newestablished smartphone addiction inventory. Development and psychometric validation of the brief.
Oct 10, 2017 smartphones are becoming increasingly indispensable in everyday life for most undergraduates in china, and this has been associated with problematic use or addiction. Controlling for confounding effects in the model, the association between total spai score and gpa did not reach statistical significance, whereas alcohol drinking or 2. Smartphone use among children increases continuously. Both adaptations are characterized with very good reliability factor and construct validity. Oct 17, 2018 the smartphone addiction inventory spai is a valid and reliable mean to identify and measure smartphone addiction and so, the aim of this research is the translation and adaptation of spai to. The implications of each sis subscale are discussed. Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale sas. Smartphones are becoming increasingly indispensable in everyday life for most undergraduates in china, and this has been associated with problematic use or addiction. Jun 04, 2014 the smartphone addiction inventory spai is specifically designed on the basis of the chen internet addiction scale cias with its wellorganized fivefactor structure. Most studies on smartphone addiction seem to focus either on the amount of time allocated for use by. The excessive use of smartphones has emerged as a significant worldwide social issue as smartphone penetration has increased. Conclusion this study provides evidence that the spai is a valid and reliable. The purpose of the current research is to evaluate the factor structure and psychometric properties of the spai in italian university students. This crosssectional study was conducted in 2016 and included 1441 undergraduate.
Is smartphone addiction associated with a younger age at first use in university students. Abstract full text the study aims to assess prevalence of smartphone addiction symptoms, and to ascertain whether depression or anxiety, independently, contributes to smartphone addiction level among a sample of lebanese university students, while adjusting simultaneously for important sociodemographic, academic, lifestyle, personality trait, and smartphone related variables. Schaub1 1swiss research institute for public health and addiction at zurich university, zurich, switzerland 2division of nursing science, college of natural sciences, the university of suwon. Translation, adaptation and validation of the tool in spanish adult population.
You know the feelingthe phone buzzes and you cant help but grab your phone to find out whats happening. There is, however, a debate on whether addiction to smartphone use is a valid behavioral addiction that is distinct from similar conditions, such as internet and gaming addiction. Although the spai was developed in a taiwanese adolescent sample, this measure has not been validated on chinese youngsters in other. There has been a growing concern of excessive smartphone use that interferes with peoples daily functioning, most notably among youngsters. The questionnaire was originally developed to measure smartphone addiction based on internet addiction features among the taiwanese youth 6. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the independent association between age at first use and spa level. The aim of this paper is to develop a shorter version of the estonian smartphone addiction proneness scale based on previous works e. Methods a total of 283 participants were recruited from dec. Objective the aim of this study was to develop a selfadministered scale based on the special features of smartphone.
The sis broadens the view of humansmartphone interaction by extending the concept of problematic smartphone use to further dimensions e. Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction. Gender differences in factors associated with smartphone. Research into smartphone addiction has followed the scientific literature on problematic mobile phone use developed during the last decade, with valid screening scales being developed to identify maladaptive behaviour associated with this technology, usually in adolescent populations. Development and validation of the smartphone addiction inventory. Smartphone addiction is for real indian mental health. Pdf development and validation of the smartphone addiction. Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. Smartphone gaming and frequent use pattern associated with smartphone addiction. This scale included 26 items that were originally categorized into four dimensions. Smartphone addiction among university students and its. Compulsive behavior and its role in smartphone addiction. Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university.
Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in switzerland severin haug1, raquel paz castro1, min kwon2, andreas filler3,4, tobias kowatsch3,5 and michael p. This study adapts the short version of the smartphone addiction scale sassv into spanish and into french. Frontiers psychometric properties and factor structures. The smartphone addiction inventory spai was developed to assess smartphone addiction in taiwanese university students. The smartphone addiction inventory spai is a selfadministrated. This crosssectional study was conducted in 2016 and included. It contained 26 questions with a total score of 104, where a higher score indicates greater addiction.
Development and validation of the smartphone addiction inventory spai. A total of 283 participants were recruited from dec. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition. The smartphone addiction inventory spai is specifically designed on the basis of the chen internet addiction scale cias with its wellorganized fivefactor structure. Multiple logistic regression was performed to assess the independent association between smartphone addiction and cumulative grade point average gpa. Information about the openaccess article depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students a cross sectional study.
The smartphone addiction inventory spai is a valid and reliable mean. This study aimed at contributing to the literature by adaptation and validation of the turkish version of the smartphone addiction inventory spai. Smartphone addiction scale short version sassv is adapted to spanish and french. The reliability and validity of the smartphone addiction inventory spai was. Smartphone gaming and frequent use pattern associated with s. The spai is a selfadministered inventory created by lin et al. The aim of the present study was to provide an answer to the question of whether, and what, differences in stress coping strategies could be found between university students at risk and those not at risk of mobile phone addiction.
Smartphone addiction scale sassv into spanish and into french. Impact of mobile phone addiction on adolescents life. Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young. Developing a shorter version of the estonian smartphone. The reliability and validity of the smartphone addiction inventory spai was demonstrated. A growing range of stimulating applications may trigger the risk of addiction. The smartphone addiction inventory spai is specifically designed on. The aim of this study was to develop a brief, easytouse and score tool for screening children at risk for smartphone addiction. We employed the translation and backtranslation method for the adaptation of the brazilian version spai spaibr. We may joke about our smartphone addiction, but what. Coping strategies in individuals at risk and not at risk.
Translation, adaptation and validation of the tool in spanish adult population 17 october 2018 plos one, vol. Smartphone gaming and frequent use pattern associated with. Welcome to the buzz center on addictions online conversation about addiction and substance use. The present study developed and validated the short.
Compulsive behavior such as i feel distressed or down once i cease using smartphone for a certain period of time, withdrawal such as the idea of using smartphone comes as the first thought on mind when waking up. Whether smartphone addiction among college students has a negative predictive effect on academic performance is hardly studied. Studies testing the factorial structure of smartphone assessment instruments e. Current psychology psychometric properties of the turkish version of the smartphone addiction inventory spai. The smartphone addiction inventory spai was constructed to assess this type of information technology addiction. Smartphone addiction consists of four components, tolerance, withdrawal, compulsive symptoms, and functional impairment in our previous factor analysis of smartphone addiction inventory lin et al. Smartphone addiction is considered a form of technological addiction that has attracted increasing attention.
Pdf psychometric properties of the turkish version of the. Just as familys effect on childrens game addiction is significant 22, familys effect on childrens smart phone addiction is also substantial. Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in. The psychometric properties of the smartphone application. The smartphone addiction inventory spai was constructed to. The smartphone addiction inventory spai is a selfadministrated questionnaire with items scored based on a fourpoint likert scale from 1 strongly disagree to 4 strongly agree.
Assessment of the accuracy of a new tool for the screening. Parental variables that affect smart phone addiction are parents education, age, income. Mean age at first smartphone use was about 15 years. Smartphone addiction among university students and its relationship with academic performance. Younger age at first use of smartphone was found to. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the independent association between age at first use and spa. Moreover, the complexity of smartphone addiction is reflected, among other things, by the levels at which it has been studied and the methods by which it has been investigated. A model on smartphone addiction of early childhood. To date, there is very little empirical evidence that computing activities i.
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